Exercício físico e imunidade: uma revisão narrativa
Physical exercise and immunity: a narrative review
Bruno Emanuel Carvalho Oliveira, Sergio Duarte Dortas-Junior, Guilherme Gomes Azizi
Resumo
Este artigo apresenta uma revisão narrativa sobre os efeitos do exercício físico no sistema imune, com ênfase em implicações clínicas. Sessões regulares de intensidade moderada promovem mobilização de leucócitos, aumentam a recirculação de imunoglobulinas e estimulam a liberação transitória de mediadores anti-inflamatórios, como a IL-6 de origem muscular, associada ao aumento subsequente de IL-10 e IL-1ra. Esses mecanismos contribuem para a redução da inflamação sistêmica, menor incidência de infecções respiratórias, melhor resposta vacinal e atenuação da imunossenescência, trazendo benefícios significativos para idosos e portadores de doenças crônicas. Em contraste, exercícios intensos e prolongados, realizados sem adequada recuperação, podem induzir imunossupressão transitória, caracterizada por queda da IgA salivar, alterações funcionais em células NK, T e B, maior estresse oxidativo, dano tecidual e aumento da suscetibilidade a infecções. Esses efeitos refletem alterações metabólicas profundas, incluindo a modulação de oxilipinas e outros lipídios bioativos relacionados a processos inflamatórios e reparo tecidual. A revisão também evidencia o papel do exercício como estratégia preventiva e terapêutica em doenças inflamatórias e infecciosas, além de sua ação protetora frente ao envelhecimento imunológico. Ressaltam-se ainda os avanços das abordagens multiômicas que ampliam a compreensão dos mecanismos moleculares, identificam biomarcadores sensíveis e favorecem o desenvolvimento de protocolos de medicina personalizada. Conclui-se que o exercício deve ser prescrito de forma individualizada e periodizada, equilibrando intensidade e recuperação, a fim de maximizar benefícios imunomoduladores e reduzir riscos, consolidando-se como intervenção não farmacológica essencial para a saúde pública, o envelhecimento saudável e a medicina de precisão.
Palavras-chave
Abstract
This article presents a narrative review on the effects of physical exercise on the immune system, with emphasis on clinical implications. Regular sessions of moderate intensity promote leukocyte mobilization, increase immunoglobulin recirculation, and stimulate the transient release of antiinflammatory mediators such as muscle-derived IL-6, followed by elevations in IL-10 and IL-1ra. These mechanisms contribute to reduced systemic inflammation, lower incidence of respiratory infections, improved vaccine responses, and attenuation of immunosenescence, providing significant benefits for older adults and individuals with chronic diseases. In contrast, intense and prolonged exercise performed without adequate recovery may induce transient immunosuppression, characterized by reduced salivary IgA, functional alterations in NK, T, and B cells, greater oxidative stress, tissue damage, and increased susceptibility to infections. These effects reflect profound metabolic disturbances, including modulation of oxylipins and other bioactive lipids involved in inflammatory processes and tissue repair. The review also highlights the role of exercise as a preventive and therapeutic strategy in inflammatory and infectious diseases, as well as its protective action against age-related immune decline. Furthermore, it underscores advances in multi-omics approaches that expand the understanding of molecular mechanisms, identify sensitive biomarkers, and support the development of personalized medicine protocols. In conclusion, exercise should be prescribed in an individualized and periodized manner, balancing intensity and recovery in order to maximize immunomodulatory benefits and minimize risks, consolidating its role as a nonpharmacological intervention essential for public health, healthy aging, and precision medicine.
Keywords
References
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Submitted date:
09/09/2025
Accepted date:
03/26/2026
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