Fatores de risco para morte por asma
Risk factors for death from asthma
Andréia G. O. Fernandes; Carolina Souza-Machado; Adelmir Souza-Machado; Álvaro A. Cruz
Resumo
Objetivo: Revisar a literatura quanto a fatores de risco associados a mortes por asma e estratégias utilizadas para prevenção de óbito entre asmáticos. Métodos: Revisão narrativa a partir dos principais artigos abordando o tema de interesse em português e inglês, publicados nos últimos 30 anos, selecionados nos seguintes bancos de dados: MEDLINE, SciELO, Lilacs e BIREME. Fontes complementares de pesquisa foram os sítios da Organização Mundial de Saúde e do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Resultados: A asma é responsável por uma elevada morbidade, resultando em hospitalizações, asfixia recorrente e mortes prematuras, passíveis de prevenção. Mortes por asma são consideradas eventos incomuns, sendo, na maioria das vezes, evitáveis se a doença, e particularmente sua exacerbação, for diagnosticada e tratada precocemente. Fatores biológicos e psicossociais e fatores relacionados à enfermidade, tais como os relativos à redução da função pulmonar dos pacientes, e ao seu tratamento, podem estar associados à ocorrência de óbito entre asmáticos. O diagnóstico precoce, o uso adequado dos medicamentos, e intervenções com abordagem educativa para obter adesão e uso adequado das medicações inalatórias, bem como a orientação sobre plano de ação para exacerbações, podem evitar hospitalizações e mortes. Conclusões: A asma é uma doença crônica muito frequente. Quando não é controlada adequadamente pode resultar em hospitalizações e mortes, que podem ser prevenidas por estratégias terapêuticas eficazes e efetivas amplamente validadas, que incluem medicamentos e educação para o autocuidado supervisionado no tratamento imediato de exacerbações.
Palavras-chave
Abstract
Objective: To review the literature on risk factors associated with asthma-related deaths and strategies to prevent this outcome. Methods: This is a narrative review of major articles addressing the topic of interest, published in Portuguese or English over the past 30 years, selected from the following databases: MEDLINE, SciELO, Lilacs, and BIREME. Additional sources were the web sites of the World Health Organization and the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Results: Asthma is related to high morbidity, resulting in hospitalizations, recurrent asphyxia, and premature deaths – all preventable. Deaths from asthma are considered unusual events, and can usually be avoided if the disease and its exacerbations are diagnosed and treated in a timely manner. Biological and psychosocial factors, factors related to the condition, e.g., reduced lung function, as well as factors related to its treatment, may be associated with risk of death from asthma. Early diagnosis, appropriate use of medications, and educational interventions aimed at achieving adherence and appropriate use of inhaled medications, as well as guidance on the action plan for selfsupervised care in the immediate treatment of exacerbations, can prevent hospitalizations and deaths. Conclusions: Asthma is a very common chronic disease. When not controlled properly, it can result in hospitalizations and deaths, outcomes that are usually preventable with widely validated, effective treatment strategies, including medications and educational approaches for self-supervised care in the immediate treatment of exacerbations.
Keywords
References
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Submitted date:
02/09/2013
Accepted date:
11/21/2013
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