Anafilaxia induzida por exercÃcio: atualização
Exercise-induced anaphylaxis: state of the art
Mario Geller
Resumo
A prevalência de anafilaxia induzida por exercÃcio é estimada em cerca de 2,3-5% de todos os casos de anafilaxia. As manifestações clÃnicas da anafilaxia induzida pelo exercÃcio incluem fadiga, rubor, aumento da sensação de calor, prurido difuso, urticária, angioedema, broncoespasmo, dispneia, quaisquer sintomas gastrointestinais, hipotensão, choque cardiocirculatório e edema larÃngeo. O principal diagnóstico diferencial se dá com a urticária colinérgica, que também pode ocasionalmente apresentar anafilaxia. A anafilaxia induzida por exercÃcio pode estar associada a alimentos, com ou sem sensibilização IgE-especÃfica. Os alimentos mais comumente envolvidos são trigo (epÃtopo ômega-5-gliadina), frutos do mar (especialmente camarão), aipo, milho, leite de vaca, banana, farinhas contaminadas com ácaros e amendoim. Curiosamente, exercÃcios aeróbicos isolados, assim como somente a ingestão dos alimentos alergênicos sem exercÃcios associados, não causam anafilaxia nesses pacientes. O efeito sinérgico dos dois fatores indutores é necessário para a ocorrência das manifestações anafiláticas. Pode haver fármaco-dependência na anafilaxia induzida por exercÃcio. Os fármacos e produtos quÃmicos envolvidos incluem aspirina e outros anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINEs), antibióticos (cefalosporinas) e os chamados suplementos energizadores anticatabólicos, como beta-hidroximetilbutirato. Recomenda-se evitar a ingestão dos alimentos que desencadeiam a reação quando possÃvel e, nas zonas temperadas do planeta, uma medida adicional de prevenção é não se exercitar quando há alta exposição ambiental aos polens para pacientes atópicos, realizando portanto o exercÃcio em ambiente fechado. Também é aconselhável evitar o exercÃcio em condições climáticas extremas, de muito calor, muito frio ou em ambientes bastante úmidos. O anticorpo monoclonal anti-IgE (omalizumabe) pode estabilizar mastócitos pela regulação negativa da expressão de receptores de alta afinidade para IgE (FcεRI), e tem sido demonstrado que esta estratégia terapêutica previne anafilaxia. Epinefrina autoinjetora e educação elucidativa para pacientes, extensiva aos familiares, são essenciais para pacientes com anafilaxia induzida por exercÃcio, bem como para todas as pessoas envolvidas na prática de exercÃcios e esportes, para diagnóstico e prevenção apropriados, e conduta terapêutica bem sucedida.
Palavras-chave
Abstract
The prevalence of exercise-induced anaphylaxis is around 2.3-5% of all cases of anaphylaxis. The clinical symptoms of exercise-induced anaphylaxis include fatigue, flushing, heat sensation, diffuse itching, urticaria, angioedema, bronchospasm, dyspnea, any gastrointestinal manifestations, hypotension, cardiocirculatory colapse and laryngeal edema. The main differential diagnosis is with cholinergic urticaria that might also present with anaphylaxis. Exercise-induced anaphylaxis might be food-dependent, with or without specific IgE sensitization. The most common food triggers are wheat (omega-5 gliadin epitope), shellfish (specially shrimp), celery, corn, cow's milk, banana, mite contaminated flours and peanut. Interestingly, isolated aerobic exercises and the ingestion of these food allergens without exertion do not cause anaphylaxis. It is required both synergistic factors to provoke anaphylaxis. Drug-dependence might also occur. Medications and chemicals involved include aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics (cephalosporins) and the so-called anti-catabolic agents such beta-hydroxymethylbutyrate. It is recommended to avoid the ingestion of the culprit foods and, in temperate areas of the planet, to exercise indoors when the atmospheric pollen counts are very high for the atopic individuals. It is also advisable to avoid exercising in extreme climate conditions, such as when it is too hot, too cold or in very humid environments. Omalizumab (monoclonal anti-IgE antibody) can stabilize the mast cells by down regulating expression of high affinity receptors for IgE (FcεRI), and this therapeutic approach has been shown to prevent anaphylaxis. Epinephrine autoinjectors and patient education extended to family members is essential for patients who present exerciseinduced anaphylaxis, as well education of all persons involved in the practice of exercises and sports, for appropriate diagnosis and prevention, and successful treatment of exercise-induced anaphylaxis.
Keywords
References
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Submitted date:
07/24/2016
Accepted date:
07/25/2016
