Hipersensibilidade a anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais em crianças: relato de dois casos e revisão das novas classificações
Hypersensitivity reactions to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in children: report of two cases and review of new classifications
Mara Morelo Rocha Felix; Gladys Reis e Silva de Queiroz; Carolina Sanchez Aranda; Marcelo Vivolo Aun; Ullissis Pádua de Menezes; Adriana Teixeira Rodrigues; Inês Cristina Camelo Nunes; Monica Soares de Souza; Emanuel Sávio Cavalcanti Sarinho; Maria Fernanda Malaman
Resumo
Os anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINEs) são amplamente utilizados para tratamento de dor e/ou febre em crianças. Atualmente, constituem a principal causa de reação de hipersensibilidade (RH) a medicamentos em adultos e crianças de vários países, inclusive do Brasil. Existem dois mecanismos envolvidos nessas reações: mecanismos não imunológicos (devido à inibição da enzima ciclooxigenase), e mecanismos imunológicos responsáveis pelas reações alérgicas (mediadas por IgE ou células T). As reações mais comuns em crianças e adolescentes são aquelas decorrentes de mecanismos não imunológicos. As manifestações clínicas variam desde urticária/angioedema/anafilaxia, que ocorrem em poucos minutos a horas após a administração do AINE, até reações tardias, que podem surgir vários dias após o início do tratamento. A história clínica detalhada é fundamental para o diagnóstico. Os testes in vitro são pouco validados, mas os testes cutâneos podem ser realizados nos casos de suspeita de uma RH seletiva, com provável mecanismo imunológico. O teste de provocação oral (TPO) é considerado o padrão ouro para o diagnóstico, e pode auxiliar na escolha de uma alternativa segura. Este artigo relata dois casos de hipersensibilidade a AINEs em crianças que ilustram tipos diferentes de mecanismos (não imunológico e imunológico) com manifestações clínicas distintas: urticária (imediata) e erupção fixa por droga (não imediata). Existe dificuldade na classificação das RHs aos AINEs, assim como ocorreu em um dos casos descritos. Portanto, há necessidade de mais estudos nessa área buscando ampliar o conhecimento e melhorar a avaliação e seguimento dessas crianças com RH a AINEs.
Palavras-chave
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used to treat pain and fever in children. Currently, they are considered the main cause of drug hypersensitivity reaction (DHR) in adults and children from several countries, including Brazil. There are two mechanisms involved in these reactions: non-immune (due to inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzyme) and immune mechanisms responsible for allergic reactions (IgE or T-cell mediated). The most common reactions in children and adolescents are those resulting from non-immunological mechanisms. Clinical manifestations range from urticaria/angioedema/anaphylaxis that occur within a few minutes to hours after NSAID administration up to late reactions that may occur several days after starting treatment. Detailed medical history is critical to diagnosis. In vitro tests are poorly validated, but skin tests can be performed in cases of suspected selective DHR with a probable immune mechanism. Oral provocation test (OPT) is considered the "gold standard" for diagnosis and may help in choosing a safe alternative. This article reports two cases of hypersensitivity to NSAIDs in children that illustrate different types of mechanisms (non-immunological and immunological) with distinct clinical manifestations: urticaria (immediate) and fixed drug eruption (non-immediate). There is difficulty in classifying DHRs for NSAIDs, as occurred in one of the cases described. Therefore, there is a need for further studies in this area in order to increase knowledge and improve the evaluation and follow-up of these children with DHR to NSAIDs.
Keywords
Referências
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Submetido em:
05/09/2017
Aceito em:
16/10/2017
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