1. Lustosa WA, Melo MLV, Isidório UA, Sousa MNA, Abreu LC, Valenti VE, et al. Risk factors for recurrent wheezing in infants. J Hum Growth Dev. 2013;23(2):203-8.

2. Midodzi WK, Rowe BH, Majaesic CM, Saunders LD, Senthilselvan A. Predictors for wheezing phenotypes in the first decade of life. Respirology. 2008;13:537-45.

3. Moraes LS, Takano OA, Mallol J, Solé D. Prevalência e características clínicas da sibilância em crianças no primeiro ano de vida, residentes na cidade de Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2014;32(4):313-9.

4. Sampaio I, Constant C, Fernandes RM, Bandeira T, Trindade JC. Fenótipos de sibilância em idade pré-escolar: factores de risco para persistência, orientações para o diagnóstico e utilidade clínica. Acta Pediatr Port. 2010;41(5):222-9.

5. Bacharier LB, Boner A, Carlsen KH, Eigenmann PA, Frischer T, Götz M, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of asthma in childhood: a PRACTALL consensus report. Allergy. 2008;63:5-34.

6. Landau LI. Wheezing phenotypes. Thorax. 2008;63:942-3.

7. Guilbert TW, Morgan WJ, Krawiec M, Lemanske RF Jr, Sorkness C, Szefler SJ, et al. The Prevention of early asthma in kids’ study: design, rationale and methods for the childhood asthma research and education network. Control Clin Trials. 2004;25:286-310.

8. Castro-Rodriguez JA, Cifuentes L, Rodriguez-Martinez CE. The asthma predictive index remains a useful tool to predict asthma in young children with recurrent wheeze in clinical practice. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127(4):1082-3.

9. GINA - Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention 2019 (update). Disponível em: http://www.ginasthma.org . Acesso em: 15/10/2018.

10. Mallol J, Garcia-Marcos L, Aguirre V, Martinez-Torres A, PerezFernandez V, Gallardo A, et al. The international study of wheezing in infants: questionnaire validation. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2007;144:44-50.

11. Garcia-Marcos L, Mallol J, Solé D, Brand PL, EISL group. International study of wheezing in infants: risk factors in affluent and non-affluent countries during the first year of life. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2010;21:878-88.

12. Mallol J, Garcia-Marcos L, Solé D, Brand P, EISL Study Group. International prevalence of recurrent wheezing during the first year of life: variability, treatment patterns and use of health resources. Thorax. 2010;65:1004-9.

13. Mallol J, Solé D, Aguirre V, Chong H, Rosario N, García-Marcos L, EISL Study Group. Changes in the prevalence and severity of recurrent wheezing in infants: The results of two surveys administered 7 years apart. J Asthma. 2018;55(11):1214-22.

14. Aranda CS, Wandalsen G, Fonzar L, Bianca AC, Mallol J, Solé D. Risk factors for recurrent wheezing–International study of wheezing in infants (EISL) phase 3. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2016;44:3-8.

15. Murray CS, Canoy D, Buchan I, Woodcock A, Simpson A, Custovic A. Body mass index in young children and allergic disease: gender differences in a longitudinal study. Clin Exp Allergy. 2011;41(1):78‑85.

16. Alvarez-Alvarez I, Niu H, Aguinaga-Ontoso I, Guillen-Grima F. Prevalence and risk factors for wheezing in infants in the region of Pamplona, Spain. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2016;44(5):415‑21.

17. Garcia-Garcia ML, Calvo Rey C, Del Rosal Rabes T. Pediatric asthma and viral infection. Arch Bronconeumol. 2016;52(5):269-73.

18. de Sousa RB, Medeiros D, Sarinho E, Rizzo JA, Silva AR, Bianca AC. Risk factors for recurrent wheezing in infants: a case-control study. Rev Saúde Pública. 2016;50:15.

19. Teijeiro A, Badellino H, Raiden MG, Cuello MN, Kevorkof G, Gatti C, et al. Risk factors for recurrent wheezing in the first year of life in the city of Córdoba, Argentina. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2017;45(3):234-9.

20. Srisingh K, Weerakul J, Srijuntongsiri S, Ngoenmak T. Risk factors of recurrent wheezing in children under 5 years of age. J Med Assoc Thai. 2017;100(2):183-9.

21. Verduci E, Banderali G, Peroni D, Lassandro C, Radaelli G. Duration of exclusive breastfeeding and wheezing in the first year of life: A longitudinal study. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2017;45(4):316‑24.

22. Amat F, Plantard C, Mulliez A, Petit I, Rochette E, Verdan M, et al. RSV-HRV co-infection is a risk factor for recurrent bronchial obstruction and early sensitization 3 years after bronchiolitis. J Med Virol. 2018;90(5):867-72.

23. Brand PL, Caudri D, Eber E, Gaillard EA, Garcia-Marcos L, Hedlin G, et al. Classification and pharmacological treatment of preschool wheezing: changes since 2008. Eur Respir J. 2014;43(4):1172-7.

24. World Health Organization. Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: conclusions of a consensus meeting held 6-8 November 2007 in Washington D.C., USA. 2008. Disponívelem: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43895/9789241596664_eng.pdf?sequence=1. Acesso em: 10/102018.

25. Azad MB, Vehling L, Lu Z, Dai D, Subbarao P, Becker AB, et al. Breastfeeding, maternal asthma and wheezing in the first year of life: a longitudinal birth cohort study. Eur Respir J. 2017;49:1602019.

26. Pellegrini-Belinchón J, Miguel-Miguel G, De Dios-Martin B, Vicente-Galindo E, LorenteToledano F, Garcia-Marcos L. Study of wheezing and its risk factors in the first year of life in the Province of Salamanca, Spain. The EISL Study. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2012;40(3):164-71.

27. Moraes LS, Takano OA, Mallol J, Solé D. Risk factors associated with wheezing in infants. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2013:89;559-66.

28. Flohr C, Henderson AJ, Kramer MS, Patel R, Thompson J, RifasShiman SL, et al. Effect of an intervention to promote breastfeeding on asthma, lung function, and atopic eczema at age 16 years: follow-up of the probit randomized trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2018;172(1):e174064.

29. Miliku K, Azad MB. Breastfeeding and the developmental origins of asthma: current evidence, possible mechanisms, and future research priorities. Nutrients. 2018;10(8):E995.

30. Lodge CJ, Tan DJ, Lau MX, Dai X, Tham R, Lowe AJ, et al. Breastfeeding and asthma and allergies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Paediatr. 2015;104:38-53.

31. Waidyatillake NT, Allen KJ, Lodge CJ, Dharmage SC, Abramson MJ, Simpson JA, et al. The impact of breastfeeding on lung development and function: a systematic review. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2013;9(12):1253-65.

32. Garcia-Marcos L, Mallol J, Solé D, Brand PL, Martinez-Torres A, Sanchez-Solis M, EISL group. Pneumonia and wheezing in the first year: an international perspective. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015;50(12):1277-85.

33. Tarini BA, Carroll AE, Sox CM, Christakis DA. Systematic review of the relationship between early introduction of solid foods to infants and the development of allergic disease. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160:502-7.

34. Greer FR, Sicherer SH, Burks AW. Effects of early nutritional interventions on the development of atopic disease in infants and children: the role of maternal dietary restriction, breastfeeding, timing of introduction of complementary foods, and hydrolyzed formulas. Pediatrics. 2008;121:183-91.

35. Snijders BE, Thijs C, van Ree R, van den Brandt PA. Age at first introduction of cow milk products and other food products in relation to infant atopic manifestations in the first 2 years of life: the KOALA birth cohort study. Pediatrics. 2008;122:115-22.

36. Dela Bianca ACC, Wandalsen GF, Mallol J, Solé D. Prevalência e gravidade da sibilância no primeiro ano de vida. J Bras Pneumol. 2010;36(4):402-9.

37. Rusconi F, Gagliard L, Galassi C, Forastiere F, Brunetti L, La Gruta S, et al. Paracetamol and antibiotics in childhood and subsequent development of wheezing/asthma: association or causation? Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40:662-7.

38. Paul IM, Maselli JH, Hersh AL, Boushey HA, Nielson DW, Cabana MD. Antibiotic prescribing during pediatric ambulatory care visits for asthma. Pediatrics. 2011;127:1014-21.

39. Wang JY, Liu LF, Chen CY, Huang YW, Hsiung CA, Tsai HJ. Acetaminophen and/or antibiotic use in early life and the development of childhood allergic diseases. Int J Epidemiol. 2013;42(4):1087‑99.

40. Chung KF. Airway microbial dysbiosis in asthmatic patients: A target for prevention and treatment? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;139(4):1071-81.

41. Liu H. Revisiting the hygiene hypothesis for allergy and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;136(4):860-5.

42. Gensollen T, Iyer SS, Kasper DL, Blumberg RS. How colonization by microbiota in early life shapes the immune system. Science. 2016;352(6285):539-44.

43. Kim DH, Han K, Kim SW. Effects of Antibiotics on the Development of Asthma and Other Allergic Diseases in Children and Adolescents. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2018;10(5):457-65.

44. Cheelo M, Lodge CJ, Dharmage SC. Paracetamol exposure in pregnancy and early childhood and development of childhood asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child. 2015;100:81-89.

45. Amberbir A, Medhin G, Hanlon C, Britton J, Davey G, Venn A. Effects of early life paracetamol use on the incidence of allergic disease and sensitization: 5-year follow-up of an Ethiopian birth cohort. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e93869.

46. Lourido-Cebreiro T, Salgado FJ, Valdes L, Gonzalez-Barcala FJ. The association between paracetamol and asthma is still under debate. J Asthma. 2017;54(1):32-8.

47. Alvarez-Alvarez I, Niu H, Aguinaga-Ontoso I, Guillen-Grima F. Prevalence and risk factors for wheezing in infants in the region of Pamplona, Spain. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2016;44(5):415‑21.

48. Szulman GA, Freilij H, Behrends I, Gentile Á, Mallol J. Recurrent wheezing: prevalence and associated factors in infants from Buenos Aires City, Argentina. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 2017;74(6):419‑26.

49. Almqvist C, Worm M, Leynaert B, Working Group of GA2LEN WP 2.5 Gender. Impact of gender on asthma in childhood and adolescence: a GA2LEN review. Allergy. 2008;63:47-57.

50. Gern JE, Calatroni A, Jaffee KF, Lynn H, Dresen A, Cruikshank WW, et al. Patterns of immune development in urban preschoolers with recurrent wheeze and/or atopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140(3):836-44.

51. Medeiros D, Silva AR, Rizzo JA, Sarinho E, Mallol J, Solé D. Prevalência e fatores de risco associados em crianças no primeiro ano de vida, residentes no Município de Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública. 2011;27(8):1551-9.

52. Pacheco-Gonzalez RM, Mallol J, Solé D, Brand PL, Perez-Fernandez V, Sanchez-Solis M, et al. Factors associated with the time to the first wheezing episode in infants: a cross-sectional study from the International Study of Wheezing in Infants (EISL). NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 2016;26:15077.

53. Calderon MA, Linneberg A, Kleine-Tebbe J, De Blay F, Hernandez Fernandez De Rojas D, Virchow JC, et al. Respiratory allergy caused by house dust mites: what do we really know? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;136(1):38-4.

54. Casas L, Sunyer J, Tischer C, Gehring U, Wickman M, Garcia-Esteban R, et al. Early-life house dust mite allergens, childhood mite sensitization, and respiratory outcomes. Allergy. 2015;70(7):820-7.

55. Hill TD, Graham LM, Divgi V. Racial disparities in pediatric asthma: a review of the literature. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2011;(11):85‑90.

56. Akinbami LJ, Moorman JE, Simon AE, Schoendorf KC. Trends in racial disparities for asthma outcomes among children 0-17 years, 2001-2010. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(3):547-53.

57. Petherick ES, Pearce N, Sunyer J, Wright J. Ethnic and socioeconomic differences in the prevalence of wheeze, severe wheeze, asthma, eczema and medication usage at 4 years of age: findings from the born in Bradford birth cohort. Respir Med. 2016;119:122-9.

58. Gern JE, Calatroni A, Jaffee KF, Lynn H, Dresen A, Cruikshank WW, et al. Patterns of immune development in urban preschoolers with recurrent wheeze and/or atopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140(3):836-44.

59. Alexander D, Currie J. Is it who you are or where you live? Residential segregation and racial gaps in childhood asthma. J Health Econ. 2017;55:186-200.

60. Backman K, Piippo-Savolainen E, Ollikainen H, Koskela H, Korppi M. Irreversible airway obstruction in adulthood after bronchiolitis in infancy: evidence from a 30-year follow-up study. Respir Med. 2014;108(1):218-23.

61. Teo SM, Tang HFF, Mok D, Judd LM, Watts SC, Pham K, et al. Airway microbiota dynamics uncover a critical window for interplay of pathogenic bacteria and allergy in childhood respiratory disease. Cell Host Microbe. 2018;24(3):341-52.

62. Bacharier LB, Cohen R, Schweiger T, Yin-Declue H, Christie C, Zheng J, et al. Determinants of asthma after severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;130:91‑100.

63. Shi T, Ooi Y, Zaw EM Utjesanovic N, Campbell H, Cunningham S, et al. Association between respiratory syncytial virus-associated acute lower respiratory infection in early life and recurrent wheeze and asthma in later childhood. J Infect Dis. 2019;XX:1-6.

64. Vandini S, Biagi C, Fischer M, Lanari M. Impacto de infecções por rinovírus em crianças. Vírus. 2019;11(6):521.

65. Beigelman A, Bacharier LB. Infection-induced wheezing in young children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;133:603-4.

66. Unger SA, Bogaert D. The respiratory microbiome and respiratory infections. J Infect. 2017;74:S84-S88.

67. Kwong CG, Bacharier LB. Microbes and the role of antibiotic treatment for wheezy lower respiratory tract illnesses in preschool children. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2017;17(5):34.

68. Dela Bianca ACC, Wandalsen GF, Mallol J, Solé D. Risk factors for wheezing disorders in infants in the first year of life living in São Paulo, Brazil. J Trop Pediatr. 2012;58:501-4.

69. Herr M, Nikasinovic L, Foucault C, Le Marec AM, Giordanella JP, Momas JI. Influence of host and environmental factors on wheezing severity in infants: findings from the PARIS birth cohort. Clin Exp Allergy. 2011;42:275-83.

70. Gergen PJ, Mitchell HE, Calatroni A, Sever ML, Cohn RD, Salo PM et al. Sensitization and exposure to pets: the effect on asthma morbidity in the US population. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018;6(1):101-7.

71. Collin SM, Granell R, Westgarth C, Murray J, Paul ES, Sterne JA, et al. Associations of pet ownership with wheezing and lung function in childhood: findings from a UK birth cohort. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0127756.

72. Rosenbaum PF, Crawford JA, Anagnost SE, Wang CJ, Hunt A, Anbar RD, et al. Indoor airbone fungi and wheeze in the first year of life among a cohort of infants at risk for asthma. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2010;20(6):503-15.

73. Zhang Z, Reponen T, Hershey GK. Fungal exposure and asthma: IgE and non-IgE-mediated mechanisms. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2016;16(12):86.

74. Uphoff E, Cabieses B, Pinart M, Valdés M, Antó JM, Wright J. A systematic review of socioeconomic position in relation to asthma and allergic diseases. Eur Respir J. 2015;46(2):364-74.

75. Taylor-Robinson DC, Pearce A, Whitehead M, Smyth R, Law C. Social inequalities in wheezing in children: findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Eur Respir J. 2016;47(3):818-28.

76. Ochoa Sangrador C, Vázquez Blanco A. Day-care center attendance and risk of Asthma - A systematic review. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2018;46(6):578-84.

77. Tham EH, Tan PT, Loo EXL, Goh AEN, Teoh OH, Yap F, et al. Early childcare enrollment and childhood wheezing phenotypes. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2019;30(1):122-7.

78. Darrow LA, Klein M, Flanders WD, Mulholland JA, Tolbert PE, Strickland MJ. Air pollution and acute respiratory infections among children 0-4 years of age: an 18-year time-series study. Am J Epidemiol. 2014;180(10):968-77.

79. Knibbs LD, Woldeyohannes S, Marks GB, Cowie CT. Damp housing, gas stoves and the burden of childhood asthma in Australia. Med J Aust. 2018;208:299-302.

80. Vardavas CI, Hohmann C, Patelarou E, Martinez D, Henderson AJ, Granell R, et al. The independent role of prenatal and postnatal exposure to active and passive smoking on the development of early wheeze in children. Eur Respir J. 2016;48(1):115-24.

81. Behrooz L, Balekian DS, Faridi MK, Espinola JA, Townley LP, Camargo Jr CA. Prenatal and postnatal tobacco smoke exposure and risk of severe bronchiolitis during infancy. Respir Med. 2018;140:21-6.

82. Hallit S, Leynaert B, Delmas MC, Rocchi S, De Blic J, Marguet C, et al. Wheezing phenotypes and risk factors in early life: The ELFE cohort. PLoS One. 2018;13(8):e0201863.

83. Oberg M, Jaakkola MS, Woodward A, Peruga A, Pruss-Ustun A. Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries. Lancet. 2011;377(9760):139-46.

84. Mbulo L, Palipudi KM, Andes L, Morton J, Bashir R, Fouad H, et al. Secondhand smoke exposure at home among one billion children in 21 countries. Tob Control. 2016;25(e2):e95-e100.

85. BRASIL. Ministério da Saúde. Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva. Um período e um processo. Disponívelem: https://ead.inca.gov.br/course/view.php?id=114. Acesso em: 12/01/2019.

86. Vanker A, Gie RP, Zar HJ. The association between environmental tobacco smoke exposure and childhood respiratory disease: a review. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2017;11(8):661-73.

87. Zhou S, Rosenthal DG, Sherman S, Zelikoff J, Gordon T, Weitzman M. Physical, behavioral, and cognitive effects of prenatal tobacco and postnatal secondhand smoke exposure. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2014;44(8):219-41.

88. Burke H, Leonardi-Bee J, Hashim A, Pine-Abata H, Chen Y, Cook DG, et al. Prenatal and passive smoke exposure and incidence of asthma and wheeze: systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2012;129(4):735-44.

89. McEvoy CT, Spindel ER. Pulmonary effects of maternal smoking on the fetus and child: Effects on lung development, respiratory morbidities and lifelong lung health. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2017;21:27‑33.

90. Polanska K, Krol A, Merecz-Kot D, Ligocka D, Mikolajewska K, Mirabella F, et al. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy and child neurodevelopment. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(7):796.