Aspergilose Broncopulmonar Alérgica (ABPA): guia da Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunologia para o diagnóstico e manejo
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunology guidelines for diagnosis and management
Faradiba Sarquis Serpa; Gustavo Falbo Wandalsen; Solange Oliveira Rodrigues Valle; Adelmir Souza Machado; Alfeu Tavares França; Álvaro Augusto Cruz; Antonio Carlos Pastorino; José Angelo Rizzo; José Elabras-Filho; Luane Marques de-Mello; Patricia Polles de Oliveira Jorge; Pedro Giavina-Bianchi; Ekaterini Simões Goudoris; Fabio Chigres Kuschnir
Resumo
A Aspergilose Broncopulmonar Alérgica (ABPA) é uma doença imunoalérgica pulmonar causada por reações de hipersensibilidade aos antígenos do fungo Aspergillus fumigatus. A doença afeta principalmente pessoas com asma ou fibrose cística e pode levar a dano pulmonar irreversível se não diagnosticada e adequadamente tratada. Apesar de descrita há quase 70 anos, a doença ainda é subdiagnosticada. Isso pode estar relacionado aos métodos de diagnóstico utilizados, à falta de testes padronizados e a critérios diagnósticos ainda imprecisos. O tratamento principal envolve o uso de corticosteroides sistêmicos. Antifúngicos azólicos são indicados para tratar exacerbações e são a estratégia preferencial para reduzir o uso de corticosteroides. Medicamentos biológicos prometem ser úteis no tratamento da ABPA, devido à sua capacidade de inibir a inflamação tipo 2, regular os níveis de eosinófilos e IgE e modular citocinas inflamatórias. Assim, frente a pacientes com asma, principalmente aqueles que têm dificuldade em alcançar o controle da doença, deve ser considerada a hipótese de ABPA. Devido à variabilidade dos critérios diagnósticos e à necessidade de verificar a sua validação em populações distintas, são necessários mais estudos para um melhor entendimento da doença, possibilitando sua detecção precoce e manejo adequado. Nestas diretrizes procuramos atualizar dados sobre epidemiologia, manifestações clínicas, diagnóstico, diagnóstico diferencial e tratamento desta doença.
Palavras-chave
Abstract
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is an immunoallergic lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions to antigens of the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. The disease primarily affects individuals with asthma or cystic fibrosis and can lead to irreversible lung damage if not accurately diagnosed and treated. Despite being described nearly 70 years ago, the disease remains underdiagnosed. This may be related to the diagnostic methods used, the lack of standardized tests, and still imprecise diagnostic criteria. Standard therapy involves the use of systemic corticosteroids. Azole antifungals are indicated for the treatment of exacerbations and are the preferred strategy to reduce corticosteroid use. Biologics hold promise for treating ABPA due to their ability to inhibit type 2 inflammation, regulate IgE levels and eosinophil counts, and modulate inflammatory cytokines. Thus, in patients with asthma, especially those with difficulty in achieving disease control, the possibility of ABPA should be considered. Given the variability of diagnostic criteria and the need to validate them in different populations, more studies are needed to better understand the disease, allowing its early detection and appropriate management. In these guidelines, we aim to update the data on ABPA epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment.
Keywords
Referências
1. Hinson KFW, Moon AJ, Plummer NS. Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: a review and report of eight new cases. Thorax. 1952;7:317-33.
2. Patterson R, Golbert TM. Hypersensitivity disease of the lung. Univ Mich Med Cent J. 1968;34:8-11.
3. França AT. Asma Brônquica: importância do Aspergillus fumigatus [tese livre docência]. Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; 1974.
4. Denning DW, Pleuvry A, Cole DC. Global burden of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis with asthma and its complication chronic pulmonary aspergillosis in adults. Med Mycol. 2013;51(4):361-70.
5. Greenberger PA. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002 Nov;110(5):685-92.
6. Agarwal R, Gupta D, Aggarwal AN, Behera D, Jindal SK. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: lessons from 126 patients attending a chest clinic in North India. Chest. 2006;130(2):442-8.
7. Gago S, Denning DW, Bowyer P. Pathophysiological aspects of Aspergillus colonization in disease. Med Mycol. 2019;57(Supplement_2):S219-S227.
8. Agarwal R, Nath A, Aggarwal NA, Gupta D, Chakrabarti A. Aspergillus hypersensitivity and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in patients with acute severe asthma in a respiratory intensive care unit in North India. Mycoses. 2010;53:138-43.
9. Serpa FS. Aspergilose Broncopulmonar Alérgica: critérios diagnósticos em pacientes sensíveis ao Aspergillus fumigatus [dissertação]. Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ; 1997.
10. Valle SOR. Identificação de aspergilose broncopulmonar alérgica em pacientes com fibrose cística e reatividade cutânea aos antígenos do Aspergillus fumigatus [dissertação]. Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; 1998.
11. Rosario NA, Riedi CA. Cystic fibrosis and atopy. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2013;41(2):137-9.
12. Agarwal R, Sehgal IS, Dhooria S, Muthu V, Prasad KT, Bal A, et al. Allergic Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Indian J Med Res. 2020;151:529-49.
13. Muthu V, Sehgal IS, Prasad KT, Dhooria S, Aggarwal AN, Garg M, et al. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) sans asthma: A distinct subset of ABPA with a lesser risk of exacerbation. Med Mycol. 2020;58:260-3.
14. Chauhan B, Santiago L, Hutcheson PS, Schwartz HJ, Spitznagel E, Castro M, et al. Evidence for the involvement of two different MHC class II regions in susceptibility or protection in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106(4):723-9.
15. Souza HG, Sales LS, Figueiredo CN, Santana Neto D, Cruz- Magalhães V, Souza JT, et al. Diversidade taxonômica e identificação de Aspergillus. In: Soares ACF, Evangelista-Barreto NS, Santos PA, orgs. Tópicos em Microbiologia Agrícola. Cruz das Almas, BA: EDUFRB; 2020. p. 219-46.
16. Moraes AML, Paes RA, Holanda VL. Micologia. In: Molinaro EM, Caputo LFG, Amendoeira MRR, orgs. Conceitos e Métodos para formação de profissionais em laboratórios de saúde: volume 4. Rio de Janeiro: EPSJV, IOC; 2009. p. 399-496 p. ISBN:978-85-98768- 41-0.
17. Houbraken J, Kocsubé S, Visagie CM, Yilmaz N, Wang XC, Meijer M, et al. Classification of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Talaromyces and related genera (Eurotiales): An overview of families, genera, subgenera, sections, series and species. Stud Mycol. 2020;95:5-169.
18. Sugui JA, Kwon-Chung KJ, Juvvadi PR, Latgé JP, Steinbach WJ. Aspergillus fumigatus and related species. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2014;5(2):a019786.
19. Gugnani HC. Ecology and taxonomy of pathogenic aspergilli. Front Biosci. 2003;8:s346-57.
20. Silva FC, Chalfoun SM, Batista LR, Santos C, Lima N. Taxonomia polifásica para identificação de Aspergillus flavi: uma revisão. Revista Ifes Ciência. 2015;1(1). doi: https://doi.org/10.36524/ric.v1i1.235.
21. Samson RA, Visagie CM, Houbraken J, Hong SB, Hubka V, Klaassen CHW, et al. Phylogeny, identification and nomenclature of the genus Aspergillus. Studies in mycology. 2014:78:141-73.
22. Mesquita-Rocha S. Aspergillus fumigatus: aspectos gerais e importância na medicina contemporânea. J Health Sci Inst. 2019;37(2):169-73.
23. van de Veerdonk FL, Gresnigt MS, Romani L, Netea MG, Latgé J. Aspergillus fumigatus morphology and dynamic host interactions. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2017;15(11):661-74.
24. Bodey GP, Vartivarian S. Aspergillosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1989;8:413-37.
25. Simões D, Caetano LA, Cristina Viegas VC, Sabino R. Aspergillus collected in specific indoor settings: their molecular identification and susceptibility pattern. International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 2021;31(3):248-57.
26. Chauhan B, Santiago L, Kirschmann DA, Hauptfeld V, Knutsen AP, Hutcheson PS, et al. The association of HLA-DR alleles and T cell activation with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. J Immunol. 1997;159:4072-6.
27. Chauhan B, Santiago L, Hutcheson PS, Schwartz HJ, Spitznagel E, Castro M, et al. Evidence for the involvement of two different MHC class II regions in susceptibility or protection in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106(4):723-9.
28. Gago S, Overton NLD, Ben-Ghazzi N, Muralidhar K, Sarma PU. Lung colonization by Aspergillus fumigatus is controlled by ZNF77. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):3835.
29. Saxena S, Madan T, Shah A, Muralidhar K, Sarma PU. Association of polymorphisms in the collagen region of SP-A2 with increased levels of total IgE antibodies and eosinophilia in patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111(5):1001-7.
30. Carvalho A, Pasqualotto AC, Pitzurra L, Romani L, Denning DW, Rodrigues F. Polymorphisms in toll-like receptor genes and susceptibility to pulmonary aspergillosis. J Infect Dis. 2008;197(4):618-21.
31. Overton NL, Denning DW, Bowyer P, Simpson A. Genetic susceptibility to allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in asthma: a genetic association study. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2016;12:47.
32. Knutsen AP, Bush RK, Demain JG, Denning DW, Dixit A, Fairs A, et al. Fungi and allergic lower respiratory tract diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129(2):280-91; quiz 292-3.
33. Aimanianda V, Bayry J, Bozza S, Kniemeyer O, Perruccio K, Elluru SR. Surface hydrophobin prevents immune recognition of airborne fungal spores. Nature. 2009;460(7259):1117-21.
34. Kita H. ILC2s and fungal allergy. Allergol Int. 2015;64(3):219-26.
35. Tomee JF, Wierenga AT, Hiemstra PS, Kauffman HK. Proteases from Aspergillus fumigatus induce release of proinflammatory cytokines and cell detachment in airway epithelial cell lines. J Infect Dis. 1997;176(1):300-3.
36. Borger P, Koeter GH, Timmerman JA, Vellenga E, Tomee JF, Kauffman HF. Proteases from Aspergillus fumigatus induce interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 production in airway epithelial cell lines by transcriptional mechanisms. J Infect Dis. 1999;180(4):1267-74.
37. Kauffman HF, Tomee JF, van de Riet MA, Timmerman AJ, Borger P. Protease-dependent activation of epithelial cells by fungal allergens leads to morphologic changes and cytokine production. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;105(6 Pt 1):1185-93.
38. World Health Organization. International Union of Immunological Societies (WHO/IUIS) Allergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee [internet]. Disponível em: https://allergen.org/search.php?allergensource=aspergillus+fumigatus&searchsource=Search. Acessado em 02/06/2024.
39. Muthu V, Sehgal IS, Dhooria S, Aggarwal AN, Agarwal R. Utility of recombinant Aspergillus fumigatus antigens in the diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: a systematic review and diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2018;48:1107-36.
40. Arruda LK, Platts-Mills TAE, Longbottom JL, El-Dahr JM, Chapman MD. Aspergillus fumigatus: identification of 16, 18, and 45 kd antigens recognized by human IgG and IgE antibodies and murine monoclonal antibodies. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1992;89:1166-76.
41. Knutsen AP, Bush RK, Demain JG, Denning DW, Dixit A, Fairs A, et al. Fungi and allergic lower respiratory tract diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129(2):280-91.
42. Knutsen AP, Slavin RG. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in asthma and cystic fibrosis. Clin Dev Immunol. 2011;2011:843763.
43. Hohl TM, Feldmesser M. Aspergillus fumigatus: principles of pathogenesis and host defense. Eukaryot Cell. 2007;6(11):1953-63.
44. Roboubi A, Audousset C, Fréalle É, Brun AL, Laurent F, Vitte J, et al. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: A multidisciplinary review. J Mycol Med. 2023;33(3):101392.
45. Agarwal R, Khan A, Aggarwal AN, Gupta D. Link between CFTR mutations and ABPA: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mycoses. 2012 Jul;55(4):357-65.
46. Agarwal R, Gupta D, Aggarwal AN, Saxena AK, Chakrabarti A, Jindal SK. Clinical significance of hyperattenuating mucoid impaction in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: an analysis of 155 patients. Chest. 2007;132(4):1183-90.
47. Muthu V, Sehgal IS, Prasad KT, Dhooria S, Aggarwal AN, Garg M, et al. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) sans asthma: A distinct subset of ABPA with a lesser risk of exacerbation. Med Mycol. 2020;58:260.
48. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention [internet]. 2024. Disponível em: https://ginasthma.org/2024-report/. Acessado em: 10/09/2024.
49. Agarwal R, Sehgal IS, Muthu V, Denning DW, Chakrabarti A, Soundappan K, et al. Revised ISHAM-ABPA working group clinical practice guidelines for diagnosing, classifying and treating allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis/mycoses. Eur Respir J. 2024;63(4):2400061.
50. Patterson R, Greenberger PA, Radin RC, Roberts M. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: staging as an aid to management. Ann Intern Med. 1982;96:286-91.
51. Patterson TF, Thompson GR 3rd, Denning DW, Fishman JA, Hadley S, Herbrecht R, et al. Executive Summary: Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Aspergillosis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(4):433-42.
52. Rosenberg M, Patterson R, Mintzer R, Cooper BJ, Roberts M, Harris KE. Clinical and immunologic criteria for the diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Ann Intern Med. 1977;86(4):405-14.
53. Agarwal R, Chakrabarti A, Shah A, Gupta D, Meis JF, Guleria R, et al. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: review of literature and proposal of new diagnostic and classification criteria. Clin Exp Allergy. 2013;43(8):850-73.
54. Saxena P, Choudhary H, Muthu V, Sehgal IS, Dhooria S, Prasad KT, et al. Which Are the Optimal Criteria for the Diagnosis of Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis? A Latent Class Analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021;9(1):328-335.e1.
55. Asano K, Hebisawa A, Ishiguro T, Takayanagi N, Nakamura Y, Suzuki J, et al. New clinical diagnostic criteria for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis/mycosis and its validation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;147(4):1261-1268.e5.
56. Muthu V, Singh P, Choudhary H, Sehgal IS, Dhooria S, Prasad KT, et al. Diagnostic cutoffs and clinical utility of recombinant Aspergillus fumigatus antigens in the diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8:579-87.
57. Tanimoto H, Fukutomi Y, Yasueda H, Takeuchi Y, Saito A, Watai K, et al. Molecular-based allergy diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in Aspergillus fumigatus-sensitized Japanese patients. Clin Exp Allergy. 2015;45:1790-800.
58. Caminati M, Feleszko W, Michel M, Annesi-Maesano I, Vitte J, EAACI Task Force Diagnosis, Management of ABPA. Aspergillus fumigatus and personalized medicine: Toward a clinically reliable algorithm. Allergy. 2022;77(11):3476-7.
59. Oliveira E, Giavina-Bianchi P, Fonseca LAM, França AT, Kalil J. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis' diagnosis remains a challenge. Respir Med. 2007;101(11):2352-7.
60. Agarwal R, Dua D, Choudhary H, Aggarwal AN, Sehgal IS, Dhooria S, et al. Role of Aspergillus fumigatus-specific IgG in diagnosis and monitoring treatment response in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Mycoses. 2017;60:33-9.
61. Shinfuku K, Suzuki J, Takeda K, Kawashima M, Morio Y, Sasaki Y, et al. Validity of Platelia Aspergillus IgG and Aspergillus precipitin test to distinguish pulmonary aspergillosis from colonization. Microbiol Spectr. 2023;11: e0343522.
62. Hamada Y, Fukutomi Y, Nakatani E, Saito A, Watai K, Kamide Y, et al. Optimal Aspergillus fumigatus and Asp f 1 serum IgG cut-offs for the diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Allergol Int. 2021;70:74-80.
63. Kopp W, Fotter R, Steiner H, Beaufort F, Stammberger H. Aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses. Radiology. 1985;156(3):715-6.
64. Dillon WP, Som PM, Fullerton GD. Hypointense MR signal in chronically inspissated sinonasal secretions. Radiology. 1990;174(1):73-8.
65. Agarwal R, Khan A, Garg M, Aggarwal AN, Gupta D. Chest radiographic and computed tomographic manifestations in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. World J Radiol. 2012;4(4):141-50.
66. Agarwal R, Khan A, Gupta D, Aggarwal AN, Saxena AK, Chakrabarti A. An alternate method of classifying allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis based on high-attenuation mucus. PLoS One. 2010;5(12):e15346.
67. Valle SOR, Serpa AS, Serpa FS. Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis/Mycosis: An Underdiagnosed Disease [Internet]. Infectious Diseases. IntechOpen; 2023. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.112166.
68. Giavina-Bianchi P, Kalil J. Diagnosis of Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis Exacerbations. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017 Nov-Dec;5(6):1599-600.
69. Greenberger PA. Clinical Aspects of Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Frontiers in Bioscience. 2003;8:119-27.
70. Patterson K, Strek ME. Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2010;7:237-44.
71. Vlahakis NE, Aksamit TR. Diagnosis and Treatment of Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2001;76:930-8.
72. Valle SOR, França AT. Aspergilose broncopulmonar alérgica: panorama atual. Revista do Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto. 2008;7:62-71.
73. Abreu DB, Silva D, Plácido JL. Aspergilose broncopulmonar alérgica. Rev Port Imunoalergologia. 2022;30(2):85-100.
74. Boaventura R, Sibila O, Agusti A, Chalmers JD. Treatable traits in bronchiectasis. Eur Respir J. 2018;52(3):1801269.
75. Agarwal R, Muthu V, Sehgal IS, Dhooria S, Prasad KT, Aggarwal AN. Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis. Clin Chest Med. 2022;43(1):99-125.
76. Cohen-Cymberknoh M, Blau H, Shoseyov D, Mei-Zahav M, Efrati O, Armoni S, et al. Intravenous monthly pulse methylprednisolone treatment for ABPA in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2009;8(4):253-7.
77. Singh Sehgal I, Agarwal R. Pulse methylprednisolone in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis exacerbations. Eur Respir Rev. 2014;23(131):149-52.
78. Agarwal R, Muthu V, Sehgal IS, Dhooria S, Prasad KT, Garg M, et al. A randomised trial of prednisolone versus prednisolone and itraconazole in acute-stage allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis complicating asthma. Eur Respir J. 2021;59(4):2101787.
79. Chishimba L, Niven RM, Cooley J, Denning DW. Voriconazole and posaconazole improve asthma severity in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and severe asthma with fungal sensitization. J Asthma. 2012;49(4):423-33.
80. Agarwal R, Sehgal IS, Dhooria S, Muthu V. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Chest. 2020;157(2),403-16.
81. Agarwal R, Sehgal IS, Dhooria S, Aggarwal AN. Developments in the diagnosis and treatment of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2016;10(12):1317-34.
82. Tomomatsu K, Yasuba H, Ishiguro T, Imokawa S, Hara J, Soeda S, et al. Real-world efficacy of anti-IL-5 treatment in patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):5468.
83. Ramonell RP, Lee FE, Swenson C, Kuruvilla M. Dupilumab treatment for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: A case series. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(2):742-3.
84. Jin M, Douglass JA, Elborn JS, Agarwal R, Calhoun WJ, Lazarewicz S, et al. Omalizumab in Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2023;11(3):896-905.
85. Ogta H, Sha K, Kotetsu Y, Enokizu-Ogawa A, Katahira K, Ishimatsu A, et al. Tezepelumab treatment for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Respirol Case Rep. 2023;11(5):e01147.
86. Nishimura T, Okano T, Naito M, Tsuji C, Iwanaka S, Sakakura Y. Complete withdrawal of glucocorticoids after dupilumab therapy in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: A case report. World J Clin Cases. 2021;9(23):6922-8.
87. Mikura S, Saraya T, Yoshida Y, Oda M, Ishida M, Honda K, et al. Successful Treatment of Mepolizumab- and Prednisolone-resistant Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis with Dupilumab. Intern Med. 2021;60(17):2839-42.
88. Menzies‐Gow A, Corren J, Bourdin A, Chupp G, Israel E, Wechsler ME, et al. Tezepelumab in adults and adolescents with severe, uncontrolled asthma. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:1800-9.
89. Grupo Brasileiro de Estudos de Fibrose Cística - CGEFC. Registro Brasileiro de Fibrose Cística ano 2020 [internet]. Disponível em http://portalgbefc.org.br/. Acessado em: 03/08/2023.
90. Ong T, Ramsey BW. Cystic Fibrosis: A Review. JAMA. 2023;329(21):1859-71.
91. Farrell PM, White TB, Ren CL, Hempstead SE, Accurso F, Derichs N, et al. Diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis: Consensus Guidelines from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. J Pediatr. 2017;181S:S4-S15.e1. Erratum in: J Pediatr. 2017;184:243.
92. Stevens DA, Moss RB, Kurup VP, Knutsen AP, Greenberger P, Judson MA, et al. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis-state of the art: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Consensus Conference. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37 Suppl 3:S225-64. Erratum in: Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Jan 1;38(1):158.
93. Athanazio RA, Silva Filho LVRF, Vergara AA, Ribeiro AF, Riedi CA, Procianoy EDFA, et al. Brazilian guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic fibrosis. J Bras Pneumol. 2017;43(3):219-45.
94. Bercusson A, Jarvis G, Shah A. CF Fungal Disease in the Age of CFTR Modulators. Mycopathologia. 2021;186(5):655-64. doi: 10.1007/s11046-021-00541-5.
95. Gothe F, Schmautz A, Häusler K, Tran NB, Kappler M, Griese M. Treating Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis with Short-Term Prednisone and Itraconazole in Cystic Fibrosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(8):2608-14.e3.
96. Chowdhary A, Agarwal K, Kathuria S, Gaur SN, Randhawa HS, Meis JF. Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis due to fungi other than Aspergillus: A global overview. In Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 2014;40(1):30-48.
97. Rick EM, Woolnough K, Pashley CH, Wardlaw AJ. (2016). Allergic fungal airway disease. In Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology. 2016;26(6):344-54.
98. Wardlaw AJ, Rick EM, Ozyigit LP, Scadding A, Gaillard EA, Pashley CH. New perspectives in the diagnosis and management of allergic fungal airway disease. In Journal of Asthma and Allergy. 2021;14:557-73.
99. Nasu S, Satoh S, Shimizu K, Matsuno O, Morishita H, Yaguchi T, et al. Spontaneous regression of allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis due to curvularia lunata. Internal Medicine. 2018;57(2):243-6.
100. Fukutomi Y, Tanimoto H, Yasueda H, Taniguchi M. Serological diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis: Progress and challenges. In Allergology International. 2016;65(1):30-6.
101. Michel M, Gomez C, Sereme Y, Gouitaa M, Chartier C, Blanchard P, et al. Evaluation of Cellular Responses for the Diagnosis of Allergic Bronchopulmonary Mycosis: A Preliminary Study in Cystic Fibrosis PatientsFront Immunol. 2020;10:3149.
102. Moss RB. Diagnosing allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis/ mycosis: Return to lost horizons. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2021;147(4):1212-4.
Submetido em:
28/10/2024
Aceito em:
01/11/2024
Facebook
Google+
Twitter
LinkedIn
Mendeley
StumbleUpon
CiteULike
Reddit
Email